ITALIAN DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Here are five simple charts of the changes involved in the transformation from direct speech to indirect speech in Italian:

Direct speechIndirect speech
introduced by: 
colon (:)speech marks (<< >>) or quotation marks (” “)or a dash (-)verbs as “dire, chiedere, rispondere, ordinare…”
(to say, ask, reply, order…) + “che” (that
Tu hai detto: “voglio andare al cinema.Lui ha detto che vuole andare al cinema. 
Direct speechIndirect speech
In the indirect speech the subject of the sentence usually changes to the third person (depending whom we are reporting the speech to): 
io/tu (I/you)lui/lei/egli (he/she)
noi/voi (we/youloro (they)
Tu hai detto: “voglio andare al cinema.Tu hai detto: “voglio andare al cinema.Lui ha detto che vuole andare al cinema. Tu hai detto che vuoi andare al cinema.
Direct speechIndirect speech
The possessive adjective or pronoun changes accordingly:
mio/tuo
(my/youy/mine/yours)
nostro/vostro
(our/your/ours/yours)
suo/sua/loro
(his/her/hers/their/theirs)
Tu hai detto: “voglio andare con la mia macchina.Lui ha detto che vuole andare con la sua macchina.
Direct speechIndirect speech
Other elements usually change:
qui/qua (here)lì/là (there)
questo (this)quello (that)
ora (now)allora (then)
oggi (today)quel giorno (that day)
ieri (yesterdayil giorno prima (the day before
domani (tomorrowil giorno seguente, il giorno dopo, l’indomani (the following day
venire (to comeandare (to go
Tu hai detto: “domani ci incontriamoqui.Lui ha detto che il giorno seguente si sarebbero incontrati 
Direct speechIndirect speech
The verbs in the indirect speech change accordingly: 
presente (when the verb introducing the speech is in the present or sometimes the passato prossimo) presente 
presente (when the verb introducing the speech is in the past) imperfetto 
imperativo di+infinito 
futurocondizionale passato
condizionale presente condizionale passato 
passato prossimo trapassato prossimo 
passato remototrapassato prossimo 
Tu dici sempre: “vado al cinema” ma poi non ci vai mai.Tu hai detto: “vado al cinema” ma poi non ci sei andato.Tu hai detto“domani ci incontreremo qui.Lui dice sempre che va al cinema ma poi non ci va mai.Lui ha detto che andava al cinema ma poi non c’è andato.Lui ha detto che il giorno seguente si sarebbero incontrati lì. 

INDIRECT QUESTIONS 

The transformation from direct to indirect question is the same as that for direct/indirect speech:

Direct questionIndirect question
La mamma domanda al bambino: “Hai fatto i compiti?” La mamma domanda al bambino se ha fatto i compiti. 
La mamma domandò al bambino: “Hai fatto i compiti?” La mamma domandò al bambino se aveva fatto i compiti. 

However, when we want to emphasize the indirect question (especially in writing) the subjunctive is required instead of the indicative:

Direct questionIndirect question
La mamma domanda al bambino: “Hai fatto i compiti?” La mamma domanda al bambino se abbia fatto i compiti. 
La mamma domandò al bambino: “Hai fatto i compiti?” La mamma domandò al bambino se avesse fatto i compiti. 

Nowdays, there is an increasing tendency among Italians to use the indicative instead of the subjunctive. However, the subjunctive is required for a proper use of the language.

SPECIAL USE OF ITALIAN CONDITIONAL VERB

SPECIAL USE OF THE italian conditional of dovere/volere/potere + infinito

“Dovere, volere, potere” are called “verbi servili”, (verb that ‘serve’ – modal verbs) because they are followed by an infinitive. 

They can also be used alone (especially “volere” e.g. “voglio una torta” = I want a cake) but, as modal verbs, they are used with another verb in the infinitive tense (e.g. “voglio viaggiare” = I want to travel). The verb “sapere” is also a modal verb. 

In this special construction, when they are used in the conditional form, they can be confusing for English speaking students because they do not have a literal translation. Check the following examples:

Oggi io potrei andare al cinema ma tu non puoi. (I could go to the movies but you cannot.) 

Oggi io vorrei andare al cinema ma tu non vuoi. (I would like to go to the movies but you do not want.) 

Oggi io dovrei studiare, ma invece andrò al cinema! (I should study but instead I will go to the movies.) 

They can be used also in the past conditional:

Io avrei potuto diventare una persona importante! (I could have become an important person!) 

Io avrei voluto diventare una persona importante! (I would have liked to become an important person!) 

Io avrei dovuto studiare per diventare una persona importante! (I should have studied in order to become an important person!) 

IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION 

When the subject of a sentence is generic and not specified (people, one, they…) the Italian language uses the impersonal construction. 
It is formed with “si” plus the third singular person of the verb:

In Italia si cena alle otto (in Italy people have dinner at 8) 

Qui non si fuma (no smoking here) 

Si deve studiare per ottenere la laurea (one has to study to obtain one’s degree) 

When the verb is reflexive the particle “ci” precedes “si”:

Per andare ad una festa ci si veste bene (to go to a party, people get well dressed) 

Quando il treno ritarda ci si innervosisce (when the train is late, one becomes nervous) 

If an adjective follows the verb, the adjective is in the plural masculine form:

Quando si è stanchi, ci si sente nervosi (when one is tired, one feels nervous) 

A tavola si mangia seduti (at the table, one eats sitting) 

Note: There is a costruction which is similar to the impersonal construction but is slightly different; it is called “passive si” construction.
The impersonal construction requires the third singular person of the verb:

in questo ristorante si mangia bene (people eat well in this restaurant) 

The “passive si” construction requires the third singular or plural person of the verb according to the number of the object: 

in questo ristorante si mangia la pizza (people eat pizza in this restaurant or pizza is eaten in this restaurant) In this case “pizza” is singular and the verb is singular. 

in questo ristorante si mangiano pesce e patatine (in this restaurant people eat fish and chips or fish and chips are eaten in this restaurant) In this case “pesce e patatine” is plural and the verb is plural. 

To recognize the difference between the impersonal construction and “si passivante”, it may help you to know that in the passive construction you switch the subject. 
The meaning of the sentence is the same but the construction is different.

Example

ACTIVE SENTENCE (THE SUBJECT IS PEOPLE): la gente mangia pizza in questo ristorante = people eat pizza in this restaurant
PASSIVE SENTENCE (THE SUBJECT IS PIZZA): la pizza è cotta bene in questo ristorante = pizza is well cooked in this restaurant
SI PASSIVANTE: in questo ristorante si mangia la pizza = in this restaurant one eats pizza

ATTIVA: la gente mangia pesce e patatine in questo ristorante = people eat fish and chips in this restaurant
PASSIVA: il pesce e le patatine sono preparati molto bene in questo ristorante = fish and chips are prepared very well in this restaurant
SI PASSIVANTE: in questo ristorante si mangiano pesce e patatine = in this restaurant one eats fish and chips

In the impersonal construction (e.g. “qui non si fuma”) you cannot switch the subject. 

RECIPROCAL CONSTRUCTION

The particle “ci” (for “we”), “vi” (for “you” plural) and “si” (for “they”) are used to form the “reciprocal construction”:

Telefoniamoci domani (let’s call each other tomorrow) 

Loro non si parlano (they don’t talk to each other) 

Scrivetevi! (write to each other!) 

NOTE In a reciprocal construction, compound tenses require the verb “essere”: 

Non si sono più sentiti (they haven’t talked to each other anymore) 

SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION: “stare per” + infinito

This construction is formed with “stare per + infinitive”:

Sto per partire (I’m about to leave) 

Loro stanno per uscire (they are about to go out) 

SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION: “stare” + gerundio

This construction is formed with “stare + gerundio”:

Sto mangiando (I’m eating) 

Stai studiando? (are you studying?) 

ITALIAN IMPERFECT VERB

The “imperfetto” (imperfect) in Italian is used to express a habit or an action that was frequently repeated in the past. “Da bambino andavo alla spiaggia tutti i giorni” (as a child, I used to go to the beach every day, I would go to the beach every day), or to describe a situation in the past “quando vivevo a Roma” (when I was living in Rome…).

IMPERFETTO of REGULAR VERBS 

The “imperfetto” of regular verbs is formed by replacing the “-re” of the infinitive with the endings of the “imperfetto”.

“Amare, Ridere, Dormire” – Imperfetto

PronounAmareRidere Dormire
ioam-avo
(I used to love, I would* love, I loved…)
rid-evo
(I used to laugh, I would* laugh, I laughed…)
dorm-ivo
(I used to sleep, I would* sleep, I slept…)
tuam-avirid-evidorm-ivi
luiam-avarid-evadorm-iva
leiam-avarid-evadorm-iva
Leiam-avarid-evadorm-iva
noiam-avamorid-evamodorm-ivamo
voiam-avaterid-evatedorm-ivate
loroam-avanorid-evanodorm-ivano

*Please note that in this case “would” does not indicate a conditional but a habitual or continued action. 

IMPERFETTO of IRREGULAR VERBS 

Most of the “irregular verbs” are regular in the formation of the “imperfetto”. 

The ones that are irregular in the “imperfetto” are: 

“Bere, Dire, Fare, Tradurre” – Imperfetto 

Be-re (from the latin: “bev-ere”)Di-re (from the latin: “dic-ere”)Fa-re (from the latin: “fac-ere”)Tradur-re (from the latin: “traduc-ere”)
bev-evo
(I used to drink, I would* drink, I drank…)
bev-evi
bev-eva
bev-evamo
bev-evate
bev-evano
dic-evo
(I used to say, I would* say, I said…)
dic-evi
dic-eva
dic-evamo
dic-evate
dic-evano
fac-evo
(I used to do, I would* do, I did…)
fac-evi
fac-eva
fac-evamo
fac-evate
fac-evano
traduc-evo
( I used to translate, I would* translate, I tranlated…)
traduc-evi
traduc-eva
traduc-evamo
traduc-evate
traduc-evano

*Please note that in this case “would” does not indicate a conditional but a habitual or continued action.

“Essere” – Imperfetto

This verb changes stem in the “imperfetto”

Ess-ere
ero
(I used to be, I would* be, I was)
eri
era
era-vamo
era-vate
erano

TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO

The “trapassato prossimo” expresses an action that happened prior to the one expressed by another past tense: “Stamattina, dopo che avevo messo la camicia pulita, mi è caduto il caffè addosso” (This morning, after I wore a clean shirt, I spilled the coffee on it).

The “trapassato prossimo” is a “compound tense” (like the “passato prossimo”) because it is formed with one of the auxiliary verbs (“essere” or “avere”) plus the past participle of a verb. 

Whether it requires “essere” or “avere” depends on the verb. If the verb is a transitive verb, it requires the auxiliary “avere”. 

If the verb is intransitive (like most verbs that express movement or state of being) or if the verb is reflexive, it requires the auxiliary “essere”. 

TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO of TRANSITIVE VERBS 

Transitive verbs may be followed by an object to complete their meaning “leggo la lettera” (I read the letter) I read what? I read the letter. 

The “trapassato prossimo” of transitive verbs is formed with the “imperfetto” of “AVERE” + the past participle of the verb. 

“Mangiare, Leggere, Aprire” – Trapassato Prossimo

PronounMangiareLeggere Aprire
ioavevo mangiato
(I had eaten)
avevo letto
(I had read)
avevo aperto
(I had opened)
tuavevi mangiatoavevi lettoavevi aperto
luiaveva mangiatoaveva lettoaveva aperto
leiaveva mangiatoaveva lettoaveva aperto
Leiaveva mangiatoaveva lettoaveva aperto
noiavevamo mangiatoavevamo lettoavevamo aperto
voiavevate mangiatoavevate lettoavevate aperto
loroavevano mangiatoavevano lettoavevano aperto

TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO of INTRANSITIVE VERBS 

Intransitive verbs don’t need an object to complete their meaning.

The “trapassato prossimo” of most intransitive verbs is formed with the “imperfetto” of “ESSERE” + the past participle of the verb (if you are not sure whether a verb requires “essere” or “avere” check the dictionary.) With “essere”, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb.

“Andare, Nascere, Venire” – Trapassato Prossimo

PronounAndareNascere Venire
ioero andato/a
(I had gone)
ero nato/a
(I was born)
ero venuto/a
(I had come)
tueri andato/aeri nato/aeri venuto/a
luiera andatoera natoera venuto
leiera andataera nataera venuta
Leiera andato/aera nato/aera venuto/a
noieravamo andati/eeravamo nati/eeravamo venuti/e
voieravate andati/eeravate nati/eeravate venuti/e
loroerano andati/eerano nati/eerano venuti/e
EssereAvere
io ero stato/a
(I had been)
tu eri stato/a…
io avevo avuto
(I had had)
tu avevi avuto…

REMEMBER

  • “dormire”(to sleep), “rispondere” (to answer), “viaggiare” (to travel), “vivere” (to live) though intransitive require the auxiliary “avere” (“ho dormito, ho risposto, ho viaggiato, ho vissuto…”) 
  • verbs that express movement, like “venire” (to come), “andare” (to go), “uscire” (to go out)… require the auxiliary “essere” 
  • verbs that express state of being, like “essere” (to be), “stare” (to stay), “rimanere” (to remain), “nascere” (to be born)… require the auxiliary “essere” 
  • reflexive verbs require the verb “essere” 
  • the verb “piacere” requires the auxiliary “essere” 
  • for the position of the pronouns with compound tenses, please refer to the pronouns section 

ITALIAN CONDITIONAL VERB

Generally the conditional suggests, proposes, expresses a desire, a doubt, a gentle request or it expresses an action that could occur “on condition that…”

In Italian sounds like: “Ti amerei… Potrei amarti… Avrei potuto amarti…” (I would love you…, I could love you… I could have loved you…)

MODO CONDIZIONALE Suggest the possibility – possible conditions)
Tempo PresenteTempo Passato
io amerei
(I would love)
tu ameresti…
io avrei amato 
(I would have loved)
tu avresti amato…

It has a present (condizionale presente) and a perfect form (condizionale passato). 

The formation of the conditional is very similar to the formation of the future. 

CONDIZIONALE PRESENTE of REGULAR VERBS 

The conditional of regular verbs is formed by replacing the ending of the infinitive with the endings of the conditional.

“Amare, Ridere, Dormire” – Condizionale presente 

PronounAmareRidere Dormire
ioam-erei
(I would love)
rid-erei
(I would laugh)
dorm-irei
(I would sleep)
tuam-erestirid-erestidorm-iresti
luiam-erebberid-erebbedorm-irebbe
leiam-erebberid-erebbedorm-irebbe
Leiam-erebberid-erebbedorm-irebbe
noiam-eremmorid-eremmodorm-iremmo
voiam-eresterid-erestedorm-ireste
loroam-erebberorid-erebberodorm-irebbero

CONDIZIONALE PRESENTE of IRREGULAR VERBS 

Some verbs may be irregular in the conditional but not in the present conjugation (or viceversa.) 

To help you memorizing some of them, we created five categories:

“Andare, Avere, Dovere, Potere, Sapere, Vedere” – Condizionale presente 

This category presents a contraction: “rei” instead of “erei”… The verb “VIVERE” (“io vivrei” – I would live) belongs to this category

And-areAv-ereDov-erePot-ereSap-ereVed-ere
and-rei
(I would go)
and-resti
and-rebbe
and-remmo
and-reste
and-rebbero
av-rei
(I would have)
av-resti
av-rebbe
av-remmo
av-reste
av-rebbero
dov-rei
(I would have to)
dov-resti
dov-rebbe
dov-remmo
dov-reste
dov-rebbero
pot-rei
(I would be able to)
pot-resti
pot-rebbe
pot-remmo
pot-reste
pot-rebbero
sap-rei
(I would know)
sap-resti
sap-rebbe
sap-remmo
sap-reste
sap-rebbero
ved-rei
(I would see)
ved-resti
ved-rebbe
ved-remmo
ved-reste
ved-rebbero

“Rimanere, Tenere, Venire, Volere” – Condizionale presente 

This category presents a contraction and a changing of “n” or “l” into “r” in the stem, with a characteristic “double R effect” 

Riman-ereTen-ereVen-ireVol-ere
rima-r-rei
(I would stay)
rima-r-resti
rima-r-rebbe
rima-r-remmo
rima-r-reste
rima-r-rebbero
te-r-rei
(I would keep)
te-r-resti
te-r-rebbe
te-r-remmo
te-r-reste
te-r-rebbero
ve-r-rei
(I would come)
ve-r-resti
ve-r-rebbe
ve-r-remmo
ve-r-reste
ve-r-rebbero
vo-r-rei
(I would want)
vo-r-resti
vo-r-rebbe
vo-r-remmo
vo-r-reste
vo-r-rebbero

“Dare, Dire, Fare, Stare” – Condizionale presente

This category presents a contraction

Da-reDi-reFa-reSta-re
da-rei
(I would give)
da-resti
da-rebbe
da-remmo
da-reste
da-rebbero
di-rei
(I would say)
di-resti
di-rebbe
di-remmo
di-reste
di-rebbero
fa-rei
(I would do)
fa-resti
fa-rebbe
fa-remmo
fa-reste
fa-rebbero
sta-rei
(I would stay)
sta-resti
sta-rebbe
sta-remmo
sta-reste
sta-rebbero

“Cominciare, Mangiare, Viaggiare” – Condizionale presente 

The category of verbs whose infinitive end with “ci+are” or “gi+are” (“soft sound” as “CIAO”), drops the final “i” in front of the endings of the conditional (in order to maintain a soft sound effect as “MarCEllo”)

Comin-ci-areMan-gi-areViag-gi-are
cominc-erei
(I would begin)
cominc-eresti
cominc-erebbe
cominc-eremmo
cominc-ereste
cominc-erebbero
mang-erei(I would eat)
mang-eresti
mang-erebbe
mang-eremmo
mang-ereste
mang-erebbero
viagg-erei
(I would travel)
viagg-eresti
viagg-erebbe
viagg-eremmo
viagg-ereste
viagg-erebbero

“Dimenticare, Pagare” – Condizionale presente 

The category of verbs whose infinitive end with “c+are” or “g+are” (“hard sound” as Karl, Carlo), adds an “h” in front of the endings of the conditional (to maintain the hard sound effect)

Dimenti-c-arePa-g-are
dimenti-ch-erei
(I would forget)
dimentich-eresti
dimentich-erebbe
dimentich-eremmo
dimentich-ereste
dimentich-erebbero
pagh-erei
(I would pay)
pagh-eresti
pagh-erebbe
pagh-eremmo
pagh-ereste
pagh-erebbero

“Essere” – Condizionale presente 

This verb changes stem in the conditional

Ess-ere
sa-rei
(I would be)
sa-resti
sa-rebbe
sa-remmo
sa-reste
sa-rebbero

ITALIAN PAST TENCE

The “passato prossimo” (past tense) in Italian is used to express an action that began and was completed in a recent past (yesterday, last week, last summer…): “ieri ho mangiato la mela” (yesterday I ate the apple, I did eat the apple, I have eaten the apple…) In many Italian regions it is used as the main form of past “l’anno scorso ho viaggiato molto” (literally: last year I have traveled a lot.)

The “passato prossimo” is a “compound tense” because it is formed with one of the auxiliary verbs (“essere” or “avere”) plus the past participle of a verb. Whether it requires “essere” or “avere”, depends on the verb. If the verb is a transitive verb, it requires the auxiliary “avere.” If the verb is intransitive (like most verbs that express movement or state of being) or if the verb is reflexive, it requires the auxiliary “essere.” 

Passato prossimo of transitive verbs 

Transitive verbs may be followed by an object to complete their meaning: “leggo la lettera” (I read the letter) I read what? I read the letter. The “passato prossimo” of transitive verbs is formed with “AVERE” (present indicative) + the past participle of the verb.

“Mangiare, Leggere, Aprire” – Passato prossimo 

PronounMangiareLeggere Aprire
ioho mangiato
(I ate, I have eaten, I did eat)
ho letto
(I read, I have read, I did read)
ho aperto
(I opened, I have opened, I did open)
tuhai mangiatohai lettohai aperto
luiha mangiatoha lettoha aperto
leiha mangiatoha lettoha aperto
Leiha mangiatoha lettoha aperto
noiabbiamo mangiatoabbiamo lettoabbiamo aperto
voiavete mangiatoavete lettoavete aperto
lorohanno mangiatohanno lettohanno aperto

Passato prossimo of INtransitive verbs 

Intransitive verbs don’t need an object to complete their meaning. The “passato prossimo” of most intransitive verbs is formed with “ESSERE” (present indicative) + the past participle of the verb (if you are not sure whether a verb requires “essere” or “avere” check the dictionary.) With “essere”, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb.

“Andare, Nascere, Venire” – Passato Prossimo

PronounAndareNascere Venire
iosono andato/a
(I went, I have gone, I did go)
sono nato/a
(I was born)
sono venuto/a
(I came, I have come, I did come)
tusei andato/asei nato/asei venuto/a
luiè andatoè natoè venuto
leiè andataè nataè venuta
Leiè andato/aè nato/aè venuto/a
noisiamo andati/esiamo nati/esiamo venuti/e
voisiete andati/esiete nati/esiete venuti/e
lorosono andati/esono nati/esono venuti/e
EssereAvere
io sono stato/a
(I was)
tu sei stato/a…
io ho avuto
(I had, I did have)
tu hai avuto…

REMEMBER

  • “dormire”(to sleep), “rispondere” (to answer), “viaggiare” (to travel), “vivere” (to live) though intransitive require the auxiliary “avere” (“ho dormito, ho risposto, ho viaggiato, ho vissuto…”) 
  • verbs that express movement, like “venire” (to come), “andare” (to go), “uscire” (to go out)… require the auxiliary “essere” 
  • verbs that express state of being, like “essere” (to be), “stare” (to stay), “rimanere” (to remain), “nascere” (to be born)… require the auxiliary “essere” 
  • reflexive verbs require the verb “essere” 
  • the verb “piacere” requires the auxiliary “essere” 
  • for the position of the pronouns with compound tenses, please refer to the pronouns section 

PARTICIPLE IN ITALIAN “PARTICIPIO”

MODO PARTICIPIO
Tempo PresenteTempo Passato
amante
(lover)
amato
(loved)

The participle in Italian has a present (participio presente) and a past form (participio passato). 

The present form can be replaced by a relative pronoun and the according verb: “il bambino ridente”“il bambino che ride” (the child who laughs). 

The past form may be used “almost as an adjective” or, in combination with “essere” or “avere” to create other forms of past like the “passato prossimo, passato remoto”, etc… (recent past, remote past…): “Il bicchiere rotto” (the broken glass); “ho rotto il bicchiere” (I have broken the glass)

When the participle is “used as an adjective” it must agree in gender and number with the noun to whom it refers: “il bicchiere rotto, i bicchieri rotti” (the broken glass, the broken glasses).

PARTICIPIO PRESENTE

The present participle of verbs ending with “are”, “ere”, “ire” is formed by adding “ante”, “ente”, “ente” to the stems of the infinitive.

1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation
Infinito in ARE:

cant-are
(to sing)
Participio presente:
cant-ante
(singer, singing)
Infinito in ERE:

piang-ere
(to cry)
Participio presente:
piang-ente
(crying)
Infinito in IRE:

divertire
(to amuse)
Participio presente:
divert-ente
(amusing)

PARTICIPIO PASSATO

Participio passato of regular verbs

The past participle of verbs ending with “are”, “ere”, “ire” is formed by adding “ato”, “ito”, “uto” to the stems of the infinitive.

1st Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation
Infinito in ARE:

ball-are
(to dance)
Participio passato:
ball-ato
(danced)
Infinito in ERE:

vol-ere
(to want)
Participio passato:
vol-uto
(wanted)
Infinito in IRE:

dorm-ire
(to sleep)
Participio passato:
dorm-ito
(slept)

PARTICIPIO PASSATO OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Several verbs have an irregular past participle:

1th Conjugation2nd Conjugation3rd Conjugation
dare -> dato (given)bere -> bevuto (drunk)aprire ->aperto (opened)
fare -> fatto (done, made)cadere -> caduto (fell)dire -> detto (said, told)
stare -> stato (been)chiedere -> chiesto (asked)morire -> morto (dead)
chiudere -> chiuso (closed)offrire -> offerto (offered)
decidere -> deciso (decided)salire -> salito (climbed, went up)
dipingere -> dipinto (painted)venire -> venuto (come)
essere -> stato (been)
leggere -> letto (read)
mettere -> messo (put, placed)
nascere -> nato (born)
perdere -> perso (lost)
prendere -> preso (taken)
rimanere -> rimasto (remained)
rispondere -> risposto (answered)
scegliere -> scelto (chosen)
scrivere -> scritto (written)
spendere -> speso (spent)
vedere -> visto/veduto (seen)
Essere -> stato (been)Avere -> avuto (had)

ITALIAN FUTURE VERB

The “futuro semplice” expresses an action that will occur in the future. In Italian the future tense is often replaced by the present tense. The future is also used to express supposition, probability, and approximation. “Ti amerò sempre, ci vediamo domani, dove saranno gli occhiali?” (I will love you forever, we’ll see each other tomorrow, where might the glasses be?)

The future has a simple form (futuro semplice) and a perfect form (futuro anteriore).

The “futuro anteriore” tells you what will have happened, before another event at a certain time.

FUTURO SEMPLICE of REGULAR VERBS

The future of regular verbs is formed by replacing the ending of the infinitive with the endings of the future.

“Amare, Ridere, Dormire” – Futuro

PronounAmareRidere Dormire
ioam-erò
(I will love)
rid-erò
(I will laugh)
dorm-irò
(I will sleep)
tuam-erairid-eraidorm-irai
luiam-eràrid-eràdorm-irà
leiam-eràrid-eràdorm-irà
Leiam-eràrid-eràdorm-irà
noiam-eremorid-eremodorm-iremo
voiam-ereterid-eretedorm-irete
loroam-erannorid-erannodorm-iranno

FUTURO SEMPLICE of IRREGULAR VERBS

Some verbs may be irregular in the future but not in the present conjugation (or viceversa.) 

In order to help you memorize some of them, we created five categories: 

“Andare, Avere, Dovere, Potere, Sapere, Vedere” – Futuro 

This category presents a contraction (e.g. “rò” instead of “erò”, etc…)

And-areAv-ereDov-erePot-ereSap-ereVed-ere
and-rò
(I will go)
and-rai
and-rà
and-remo
and-rete
and-ranno
av-rò
(I will have)
av-rai
av-rà
av-remo
av-rete
av-ranno
dov-rò
(I’ll have to)
dov-rai
dov-rà
dov-remo
dov-rete
dov-ranno
pot-rò
(I’ll be able to)
pot-rai
pot-rà
pot-remo
pot-rete
pot-ranno
sap-rò
(I will know)
sap-rai
sap-rà
sap-remo
sap-rete
sap-ranno
ved-rò
(I will see)
ved-rai
ved-rà
ved-remo
ved-rete
ved-ranno

“Rimanere, Tenere, Venire, Volere” – Futuro 

This category presents a contraction and a changing of “n” or “l” into “r” in the stem, with a characteristic “double R effect”

Riman-ereTen-ereVen-ireVol-ere
rima-r-rò
(I will remain)
rima-r-rai
rima-r-rà
rima-r-remo
rima-r-rete
rima-r-ranno
te-r-rò
(I will keep)
te-r-rai
te-r-rà
te-r-remo
te-r-rete
te-r-ranno
ve-r-rò
(I will come)
ve-r-rai
ve-r-rà
ve-r-remo
ve-r-rete
ve-r-ranno
vo-r-rò
(I will want)
vo-r-rai
vo-r-rà
vo-r-remo
vo-r-rete
vo-r-ranno

“Dare, Dire, Fare, Stare” – Futuro 

This category presents a contraction

Da-reDi-reFa-reSta-re
da-rò
(I will give)
da-rai
da-rà
da-remo
da-rete
da-ranno
di-rò
(I will say)
di-rai
di-rà
di-remo
di-rete
di-ranno
fa-rò
(I will make)
fa-rai
fa-rà
fa-remo
fa-rete
fa-ranno
sta-rò
(I will stay)
sta-rai
sta-rà
sta-remo
sta-rete
sta-ranno

“Cominciare, Mangiare, Viaggiare” – Futuro

The category of verbs whose infinitive end with “ci+are” or “gi+are” (“soft sound” as “CIAO”), drops the final “i” in front of the endings of the future (in order to maintain a soft sound effect as “MarCEllo”)

Comin-ci-areMan-gi-areViag-gi-are
cominc-erò
(I will begin)
cominc-erai
cominc-erà
cominc-eremo
cominc-erete
cominc-eranno
mang-erò
(I will eat)
mang-erai
mang-erà
mang-eremo
mang-erete
mang-eranno
viagg-erò
(I will travel)
viagg-erai
viagg-erà
viagg-eremo
viagg-erete
viagg-eranno

“Dimenticare, Pagare” – Futuro 

The category of verbs whose infinitive end with “c+are” or “g+are” (“hard sound” as Karl, Carlo), adds an “h” in front of the endings of the future (to maintain the hard sound effect)

Dimenti-c-arePa-g-are
dimenti-ch-erò
(I will forget)
dimentich-erai
dimentich-erà
dimentich-eremo
dimentich-erete
dimentich-eranno
pagh-erò
(I will pay)
pagh-erai
pagh-erà
pagh-eremo
pagh-erete
pagh-eranno

“Essere” – Futuro TO BE FUTURE

This verb changes stem in the future

Ess-ere
sa-rò
(I will be)
sa-rai
sa-rà
sa-remo
sa-rete
sa-ranno

“Avere” – Futuro TO HAVE FUTURE

This verb changes stem in the future

Av-ere
avrò
(I will have)
av-rai
av-rà
av-remo
av-rete
savranno

FUTURO ANTERIORE

The “futuro anteriore” tells you what will have happened, before another event at a certain time. 

“Dopo che avrò lavorato, potrò riposare” (after I will have worked, I’ll rest).

The “futuro anteriore” is a “compound tense” (like the “passato prossimo”) because it is formed with one of the auxiliary verbs (“essere” or “avere”) plus the past participle of a verb. Whether it requires “essere” or “avere”, depends on the verb. If the verb is a transitive verb, it requires the auxiliary “avere”. If the verb is intransitive (like most verbs that express movement or state of being) or if the verb is reflexive, it requires the auxiliary “essere”.

FUTURO ANTERIORE of TRANSITIVE VERBS 

Transitive verbs may be followed by an object to complete their meaning “leggo la lettera” (I read the letter) I read what? I read the letter. 

The “futuro anteriore” of transitive verbs is formed with the “futuro” of “AVERE” + the past participle of the verb.

“Mangiare, Leggere, Aprire” – Futuro anteriore

PronounMangiareLeggere Aprire
ioavrò mangiato
(I will have eaten)
avrò letto
(I will have read)
avrò aperto
(I will have opened)
tuavrai mangiatoavrai lettoavrai aperto
luiavrà mangiatoavrà lettoavrà aperto
leiavrà mangiatoavrà lettoavrà aperto
Leiavrà mangiatoavrà lettoavrà aperto
noiavremo mangiatoavremo lettoavremo aperto
voiavrete mangiatoavrete lettoavrete aperto
loroavranno mangiatoavranno lettoavranno aperto

FUTURO ANTERIORE of INTRANSITIVE VERBS 

Intransitive verbs don’t need an object to complete their meaning.

The “futuro anteriore” of most intransitive verbs is formed with the “futuro” of “ESSERE” + the past participle of the verb (if you are not sure whether a verb requires “essere” or “avere” check the dictionary.) With “essere”, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb.

“Andare, Nascere, Venire” – Futuro anteriore

PronounAndareNascere Venire
iosarò andato/a
(I will have gone)
sarò nato/a
(I will have born)
sarò venuto/a
(I will have come)
tusarai andato/asarai nato/asarai venuto/a
luisarà andatosarà natosarà venuto
leisarà andatasarà natasarà venuta
Leisarà andato/asarà nato/asarà venuto/a
noisaremo andati/esaremo nati/esaremo venuti/e
voisarete andati/esarete nati/esarete venuti/e
lorosaranno andati/esaranno nati/esaranno venuti/e
EssereAvere
io sarò stato/a
(I will have been)
tu sarai stato/a…
io avrò avuto
(I will have had)
tu avrai avuto…

REMEMBER

  • “dormire”(to sleep), “rispondere” (to answer), “viaggiare” (to travel), “vivere” (to live) though intransitive require the auxiliary “avere” (“ho dormito, ho risposto, ho viaggiato, ho vissuto…”) 
  • verbs that express movement, like “venire” (to come), “andare” (to go), “uscire” (to go out)… require the auxiliary “essere” 
  • verbs that express state of being, like “essere” (to be), “stare” (to stay), “rimanere” (to remain), “nascere” (to be born)… require the auxiliary “essere” 
  • reflexive verbs require the verb “essere” 
  • the verb “piacere” requires the auxiliary “essere” 
  • for the position of the pronouns with compound tenses, please refer to the pronouns section 

ITALIAN PRESENT OF REGULAR-IRREGULAR VERBS

Italian verbs are divided into three classes:

  • first class: verbs ending with “are” (e.g.: “ballare” = to dance) 
  • second class: verbs ending with “ere” (e.g.: “ridere” = to laugh) 
  • third class: verbs ending with “ire” (e.g.: “dormire” = to sleep) 

Each class has different verb endings that NEED TO BE MEMORIZED ! See sample in the following chart of regular verbs. 

PRESENT of REGULAR VERBS

The present indicative of regular verbs is formed by replacing the endings of the infinitive with the endings of the present indicative:

“Ballare, Ridere, Dormire” – Presente indicativo

FIRST CLASSSECOND CLASSTHIRD CLASS 
PronounBall-are (to dance)Rid-ere (to laugh)Dorm-ire (to sleep)
io
(I)
ball-o
(I dance)
rid-o
(I laugh)
dorm-o
(I sleep)
tu
(you – singular)
ball-irid-idorm-i
lui
(he)
ball-arid-edorm-e
lei
(she)
ball-arid-edorm-e
Lei
(You – formal)
ball-arid-e dorm-e
noi
(we)
ball-iamorid-iamodorm-iamo
voi
(you – plural)
ball-aterid-etedorm-ite
loro
(they)
ball-anorid-onodorm-ono

PRESENT of IRREGULAR VERBS

The Italian language has many irregular verbs. Following are charts of the most important irregular verbs: 

“Preferire, Capire, Finire” – Presente indicativo 

PronounPrefer-ire (to prefer)Cap-ire (to understand)Fin-ire (to end)
iopreferisc-o
(I prefer)
capisc-o
(I understand)
finisc-o
(I finish, end)
tupreferisc-icapisc-ifinisc-i
luipreferisc-ecapisc-efinisc-e
leipreferisc-ecapisc-efinisc-e
Leipreferisc-ecapisc-e finisc-e
noiprefer-iamocap-iamofin-iamo
voiprefer-itecap-itefin-ite
loropreferisc-onocapisc-onofinisc-ono

“Bere, Mangiare” – Presente indicativo 

PronounBe-re (from the Latin “bevere” = to drink)Mangi-are (to eat)
iobev-o
(I drink)
mangi-o
(I eat)
tubev-imang-i
luibev-emangi-a
leibev-emangi-a
Leibev-emangi-a
noibev-iamomang-iamo
voibev-etemangi-ate
lorobev-onomangi-ano

“Dovere, Volere, Potere” – Presente indicativo 

These verbs are called “verbi servili”, ( verb that ‘serve’ – modal verbs); they can be used alone, “voglio una torta” (I want a cake) or, as modal verbs, they are used with another verb in the infinitive tense “voglio viaggiare” (I want to travel). The verb “sapere” is also a modal verb.

PronounDov-ere (to have to, must)Vol-ere (to want)Pot-ere (to be able to, can, may)
iodev-o
(I must)
vogli-o
(I want)
poss-o
(I can)
tudev-ivuo-ipuo-i
luidev-evuol-epu-ò
leidev-evuol-epu-ò
Leidev-evuol-e pu-ò
noidobb-iamovogl-iamoposs-iamo
voidov-etevol-etepot-ete
lorodev-onovogli-onoposs-ono

“Venire, Uscire” – Presente indicativo 

PronounVen-ire (to come)Usc-ire (to go out)
ioveng-o
(I come)
esc-o
(I go out)
tuvien-iesc-i
luivien-eesc-e
leivien-eesc-e
Leivien-eesc-e
noiven-iamousc-iamo
voiven-iteusc-ite
loroveng-onoesc-ono

“Fare, Andare” – Presente indicativo 

PronounF-are (from the Latin “facere” = to do, to make)And-are (to go)
iofacci-o
(I do)
vad-o
(I go)
tuf-aiv-ai
luif-av-a
leif-av-a
Leif-av-a 
noifacc-iamoand-iamo
voif-ateand-ate
lorof-annov-anno

“Stare, Dire, Dare” – Presente indicativo 

PronounSt-are (to stay, to remain, to be)D-ire (to say, to tell)D-are (to give)
iost-o
(I stay)
dic-o
(I say)
d-o
(I give)
tusta-idic-id-ai
luist-adic-ed-à
leist-adic-ed-à
Leist-adic-e d-à
noist-iamodic-iamod-iamo
voist-atedi-ted-ate
lorost-annodic-onod-anno

“Conoscere, Sapere” – Presente indicativo 

PronounConosc-ere (to know)Sap-ere (to know)
ioconosc-o
(I know)
s-o
(I know)
tuconosc-is-ai
luiconosc-es-a
leiconosc-es-a
Leiconosc-es-a 
noiconosc-iamosapp-iamo
voiconosc-etesap-ete
loroconosc-onos-anno

“Pagare, Dimenticare” – Presente indicativo 

The verbs whose infinitive ends with “g+ are” or “c+ are”, add an “h” before the endings “i” and “iamo”

PronounPa-g-are (to pay)Dimenti-c-are (to forget)
iopag-o
(I pay)
dimentic-o
(I forget)
tupagh-idimentich-i
luipag-adimentic-a
leipag-adimentic-a
Leipag-adimentic-a
noipagh-iamodimentich-iamo
voipag-atedimentic-ate
loropag-anodimentic-ano